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| 1667 |
| | The first successful human blood transfusion is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, apparently saving the life of a 15-year-old boy | |
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| 1672 |
| | Giovanni Domenico Cassini, working in the Paris royal observatory, calculates the distance from the earth to the sun and is only 7% out | |
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| 1672 |
| | Isaac Newton's experiments with the prism demonstrate the link between wavelength and colour in light | |
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| 1674 |
| | The Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek builds a microscope powerful enough for him to observe and describe the red corpuscles in blood | |
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| 1676 |
| | Ole Roemer, a Danish astronomer working with Cassini in Paris, calculates the speed of light with an error of only 25% | |
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| 1677 |
| | With his powerful new microscope Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa in the semen of a dog | |
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| 1678 |
| | Christiaan Huygens expounds the theory that light consists of a vibration forming a ripple of waves | |
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| 1680 |
| | A comet intrigues Edmund Halley, who works out that it has been around before | |
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| 1686 |
| | English naturalist John Ray begins publication of his Historia Plantarum, classifying some 18,600 plants in 'mutual fertility' species | |
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| 1687 |
| | Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, proving gravity to be a constant in all physical systems | |
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